Historical Human Remains Detection (HHRD) is based on the chemistry of decomposition and the extraordinary olfactory capabilities of trained dogs. As the human body decomposes, it releases a complex array of compounds, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), produced through the breakdown of tissue and the activity of microorganisms in the surrounding environment. Over time, these compounds interact with soil, moisture, plant roots, microbes, temperature cycles, and groundwater movement.
What the dogs may detect
In historical contexts, the odor available to a dog may not come from visible remains alone. Dogs may alert to decomposition products absorbed into burial soil, microscopic biological residue, trace compounds associated with long-term decomposition, or odor moving through soil pores and other environmental pathways. This is one reason dogs can sometimes indicate a burial location even when skeletal material is highly degraded or not apparent at the surface.
Method statement
Because burial odor is shaped by environmental conditions, HHRD work requires careful interpretation. Soil type, drainage, compaction, vegetation, thermal conditions, burial depth, and disturbance history can all affect how odor persists and where it may be available to a searching dog. For that reason, we emphasize disciplined search design, repeatable documentation, and collaboration with other specialists rather than relying on canine findings in isolation.
Why dogs are increasingly used in archaeology
Archaeologists and cultural resource professionals are showing growing interest in detection dogs because they offer a rapid, non-invasive way to survey large areas and identify locations that may warrant closer study. When used appropriately, dogs can help narrow search zones, complement geophysical work, and support site evaluation in places where excavation would be costly, sensitive, or impractical. At the same time, the field remains in active development, and we are committed to helping shape stronger training standards, competency frameworks, and operational best practices for historical human remains detection.